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How to increase the sedimentation rate of polyacrylamide?

2025-01-20

To increase the sedimentation rate of polyacrylamide, you can consider the following strategies:

 

1. Increase the molecular weight: Polyacrylamide is available in various molecular weights. Using a high molecular weight polyacrylamide can enhance the sedimentation rate. Higher molecular weight polymers tend to have larger particle sizes and greater settling velocities.

 

2. Adjust the concentration: Increasing the concentration of polyacrylamide in a solution can also accelerate sedimentation. Higher polymer concentrations result in denser particle packing, leading to faster settling.

 

3. Modify the pH: The pH of the solution can affect the sedimentation rate. In some cases, adjusting the pH to a specific value can encourage the formation of larger polymer aggregates, which settle more rapidly. Experiment with different pH values to optimize the sedimentation rate.

 

4. Apply a flocculant agent: Adding a flocculant agent to the polyacrylamide solution can enhance the sedimentation rate by promoting the aggregation of fine particles. Flocculants can be inorganic salts, organic polymers, or specific chemicals tailored for the purpose.

 

5. Utilize centrifugation: Sedimentation can be accelerated by using centrifugation. By subjecting the polyacrylamide solution to high centrifugal forces, you can separate the particles quickly based on their sedimentation rates. Centrifugation is especially useful when dealing with very fine particles or when speed is crucial.

 

6. Control the temperature: The temperature of the solution can have an impact on the sedimentation rate. Higher temperatures reduce the viscosity of the solution, allowing faster settling. However, it is important to ensure that the temperature does not cause degradation or other undesirable effects on the polyacrylamide.

 

7. Optimize stirring or agitation: Gentle stirring or agitation can prevent settling and maintain the suspension. However, if you need to increase the sedimentation rate, reducing or stopping the agitation can allow the particles to settle faster.

 

Remember to conduct small-scale experiments and optimize these conditions based on your specific requirements and the characteristics of the polyacrylamide you are using.

Problems encountered during the use of polyacrylamide and their solutions.

2025-01-20

Polyacrylamide is a polymer commonly used in various industrial and scientific applications, such wastewater treatment, papermaking, and enhanced oil recovery. While working with polyacrylamide, you may encounter some common problems. Here are a few problems and possible solutions:

 

1. Agglomeration or clumping: Sometimes, polyacrylamide powder or solution may agglomerate or form clumps, making it difficult to dissolve or handle.

  - Solution: To prevent agglomeration, store polyacrylamide in a cool, dry place away from moisture. If clumps form in the powder, gently break them apart using a stirring rod or shake the container to disperse the clumps. For solutions, properly mix the powder with water slowly and under constant stirring to ensure complete dissolution.

 

2. Uneven distribution or poor dispersion: Polyacrylamide may not disperse uniformly in a solution, leading to uneven treatment or inefficient results.

  - Solution: To ensure even distribution, start by adding the polyacrylamide powder slowly to the liquid while stirring continuously. Gradually increase the agitation or use a mixing mechanism to disperse the polymer particles effectively. If needed, consider using mechanical agitation or a mixer to achieve better dispersion.

 

3. High viscosity or gel formation: Polyacrylamide solutions can sometimes exhibit excessively high viscosity or even form gels, hindering their performance.

  - Solution: If a solution becomes too viscous or gels, dilute it with additional solvent or water to reduce the polymer concentration. Gentle stirring or mixing can help break down gels and improve flowability. If high viscosity is desired for a specific application, carefully follow the manufacturer's instructions for preparing the solution.

 

4. Compatibility issues: Polyacrylamide may encounter compatibility problems with certain chemicals or substances, causing precipitation, flocculation, or reduced effectiveness.

  - Solution: Before using polyacrylamide, verify its compatibility with other chemicals, additives, or substances that may be present in the system. Consult the polymer manufacturer's guidelines or perform compatibility tests prior to large-scale application. If compatibility issues arise, explore alternative polymer formulations, adjust pH or temperature, or consider using compatible additives.

 

5. Environmental and safety considerations: Polyacrylamide can be hazardous if mishandled or disposed of improperly.

  - Solution: Follow proper safety protocols while handling, storing, and disposing of polyacrylamide. Wear appropriate protective gear, such as gloves and goggles, and handle it in well-ventilated areas. Dispose of unused or waste polyacrylamide according to local regulations and guidelines.

 

Remember, these solutions are general guidelines, and specific issues may require tailored approaches. It's advisable to consult the polymer manufacturer's instructions, seek technical support, or engage experts in the field for comprehensive problem-solving and guidance.

Game On Composite Materials Revolutionize Pickleball with Performance and Sustainability

2025-01-15


Since gaining attention after the COVID-19 , Pickleball has quickly become a popular sport, blending elements of tennis, badminton, and table tennis—a true "hybrid" game.  According to Market. us, the pickleball market is projected to reach a scale of $4 billion over the next decade, with paddles accounting for 12% of the market share. The use of advanced composite materials in pickleball paddles has brought exciting advancements to these products, drawing significant attention from the composite materials industry.



Pickleball can be played both indoors and outdoors, offering versatility on tennis courts, basketball courts, or badminton courts. Notably, pickleball has been the fastest-growing sport in the U.S. for three consecutive years, with a cumulative growth rate of 223.5%, according to the Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA). The Association of Pickleball Players (APP) reports that there are now 48.3 million active players, and Market.us estimates that the sport's market value will reach $1.5 billion by 2024.

In recent years, the pickleball market in Asia has also been rising rapidly. By 2024, Asia will have 21 pickleball federations under the Asian Pickleball Federation. The World Pickleball Championship (WPC) has announced 12 tournaments in the Asia-Pacific region for 2024, with 8 in Asia and 4 in Australia.


Types of Pickleball Paddles

Pickleball paddles can be broadly classified based on four key parameters (as shown in Figure 1). While this is not an official classification by any association, it represents a general understanding of how products are segmented. Categorization by weight and size is self-explanatory, but material-based classification is particularly intriguing.

Paddles can be classified by their core or face materials. The most commonly used core is polypropylene (or polymer), a softer and lighter material with a density range of 60 kg/m³ to 110 kg/m³. This core strikes a balance between power and control. However, for players seeking greater hitting power, Nomex or aluminum cores are better choices.

Nomex cores also produce louder sounds during play, a concern for many players, prompting manufacturers to reconsider their core material options. Some manufacturers have shifted to using polyurethane or melamine foam as quieter alternatives, though these materials tend to be softer in performance.


Figure 1: Classification of Pickleball Paddles from a Manufacturing Perspective



Paddle Performance: Panel Materials

A key aspect of paddle performance is the panel material, which significantly affects paddle output. Most paddles use fiberglass panels, which offer better performance than wooden paddles and are more economical than carbon fiber or graphite options. Fiberglass panels also provide higher elongation, contributing to increased elasticity. Graphite-based panels are lightweight and sturdy, offering a balance between power and touch, though their brittleness can impact durability. For superior performance, T700-grade carbon fiber panels deliver excellent dynamic paddle performance but come at a higher cost.


Manufacturing of Composite Paddles

Currently, most pickleball paddles feature polymer cores and fiberglass panels. The core is made from thermoplastic polymer honeycomb material produced through a continuous online manufacturing process. Many manufacturers apply a nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer over the core to enhance bonding surface area (as shown in Figure 2). Fiberglass panels are applied to the core using various processes and stacking sequences, where many manufacturers differentiate themselves.

Typically, the most commonly produced paddles use high-thread-count 0/90 woven fiberglass fabric. This fabric is laid on the mold surface and impregnated with polyester resin. The choice of resin significantly influences paddle responsiveness (bounce) and power. After curing, these panels are bonded with compatible resins, often thixotropic resins to prevent resin flow and reduce voids. Manufacturers frequently add additives to increase resin viscosity for better bonding.

Some suppliers separately provide fiberglass sheets and cores for later bonding at their facilities. Japanese manufacturer Yonex uses carbon epoxy and glass epoxy prepregs, claiming to bond them with cores in an oven process.


Figer 2: Stages of Pickleball Paddle Manufacturing


If the core section is not initially cut to shape, it is trimmed after bonding using a CNC router or specialized cutting machine. The product is then cleaned with pressurized air, and a special powder coating is applied to the surface to create a controlled finish for optimal performance. These paddles are subsequently loaded onto flatbed UV printers, typically secured with Delrin fixtures to ensure precise alignment during printing.

The surface texture of the paddles is crucial for achieving spin and control. This process often involves applying a coating layer after printing to enhance grip and achieve the desired spin effect. Once printing is complete, edge guards are installed on the paddles. While many paddles use thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) for flexibility and bendability, some manufacturers opt for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for better surface effects and durability. TPU performs well at low temperatures and maintains elasticity over time.

Most edge guards are applied using adhesive with heated fixtures. Paddles fitted with edge guards are then wrapped with rubber grips, similar to other types of paddles. Many manufacturers incorporate wooden components to enhance the three-dimensional feel of the grip. Finally, an end cap is installed, and the grip is heat-shrunk with low-micron polyethylene to prevent tampering and ensure long-term durability.

Each paddle undergoes a thorough inspection before leaving the factory. This inspection typically ensures the quality of the coating, appearance, and adhesion under high-brightness conditions. Some manufacturers also perform destructive testing on sample paddles from each batch.



Efforts to Reduce Noise

Complaints about noise on the court have drawn the attention of the USA Pickleball Association (USAPA). In response, the association introduced a "Quiet Category" standard for play in noise-sensitive locations. For context, here are some sound level comparisons: jet engine noise is 140 decibels, subway noise 95 decibels, loud conversation 90 decibels, noisy restaurant 85 decibels, highway traffic 70 decibels, normal conversation 60 decibels, and a quiet residential area 40 decibels. Occupational safety guidelines recommend continuous noise exposure below 85 dBA (A-weighted decibels) over an 8-hour period.

In contrast, the sound produced when a pickleball paddle hits the ball often exceeds 85 decibels and has a distinctive “pop” sound. The spectral characteristics of this noise are of even greater concern. According to USAPA standards, industry-compliant paddles generate frequencies between 1100 to 1200 Hz upon ball contact. This led USAPA to establish achievable thresholds for the “Quiet Category” standard.

In November 2023, OWL Sport, in collaboration with USAPA, announced the release of the first paddle meeting the "Quiet Category" standard. This paddle produces a sound pressure level below 80 decibels and frequencies under 600 Hz, a 50% reduction compared to the average paddle. According to OWL's official website, this achievement is credited to their proprietary Acoustene™ composite material. The company offers polypropylene paddles with core thicknesses ranging from 13 to 16 mm.

Leading paddle manufacturers are currently exploring various technologies to achieve quieter performance. The Pickleball Association is expected to issue further announcements in this area.


Natural Fiber Paddle Innovation

Technological advancements in natural fiber paddles should align with sustainability and eco-friendly initiatives. Some companies have begun investing in paddle panels made from natural fiber composites (NFC). These paddles are still in the early development stages. Figure 3 shows an example of such a paddle currently under development.


Figure 3: Natural Fiber Composites for Pickleball Paddles





Can different Aromatic Ingredients be put together?

2025-01-13

How to choose the right perfume for you?

If you love strong smells, you can't go wrong with a perfume with a lot of oil! Or anhydrous and solventless fine oil fragrance; But if you want a lighter, longer-lasting scent, then a fruity scent with the right mix of water and oil is more for you. 

Precautions

1.Aldehydes and Acids

These two small partners meet together, may occur neutralization reaction, resulting in precipitation. So, when using spices, be careful not to mix them together.

2.Esters and Alcohols

When they together may undergo transesterification reactions, resulting in changes in aroma or precipitation. So, when matching, pay attention to distinguish them well.

3.Ketones and Alkenes

When brought together, may polymerize, resulting in precipitation or viscous material. So, be careful when matching.

4. Lactones and Phenols

When they together may undergo redox reactions, resulting in changes in aroma or precipitation. So, be sure to pay attention to them when matching.

 

The Aromatic Ingredients properties and reactivity of each spice are different, so in the actual combination of specific analysis is needed to understand the chemical properties and interactions of various spices, in order to avoid unpleasant reactions or affect the quality of the aroma.

 

Polysorbate 20 VS. Polysorbate 60 VS. Polysorbate 80 What's the Difference?

2025-01-13

Polysorbate 20

Polysorbate 20, also known as Tween 20, is a non-ionic surfactant. Its chemical structure is composed of the condensation of anhydrous sorbitol monolaurate with ethylene oxide.

Properties:

1. Water solubility: Good

2. Appearance: Clear liquid, colorless to pale yellow at room temperature

3. Odor: Slightly smelly

4. Emulsification ability: Strong

5. Skin irritation: Relatively low

Polysorbate 60

Polysorbate 60, also known as Tween 60, is formed by the condensation of anhydrous sorbitol monostearate with ethylene oxide.
Properties:

1. Water solubility: Good

2. Appearance: Yellow to orange oily liquid or semi-solid

3. Odor: Slightly smelly

4. Emulsification, dispersion, and stabilizing properties: Exhibits various performance in different applications

Polysorbate 80

Polysorbate 80, also known as Tween 80, is produced by the condensation of anhydrous sorbitol monooleate with ethylene oxide.
Properties:

1. Appearance: Viscous liquid, yellow to orange

2. Odor: Slightly smelly

3. Taste: Slightly bitter

4. Emulsification ability: Strong, especially suitable for high oil-phase products

Differences in the Application of Polysorbates 20, 60, and 80

In Cosmetics

Polysorbate 20: Commonly used in lightweight skincare products such as toners and serums. It helps active ingredients disperse better in water, making the product lighter and more easily absorbed by the skin.

Polysorbate 60: Used more in emulsions like lotions and creams. It helps to better integrate the oil and water phases, forming stable emulsions and improving texture and feel.

Polysorbate 80: Due to its strong emulsifying ability, it is often used in cosmetics with a high oil-phase content.

In the Food Industry

Polysorbate 20: Used in beverages, juices, etc., for emulsification and stabilization, ensuring the even dispersion of ingredients and preventing separation or sedimentation.

Polysorbate 60: In foods like ice cream and pastries, it improves texture and taste, enhancing emulsification.

Polysorbate 80: Often used in the preparation of edible oils, flavor emulsions, etc., to improve stability and uniformity.

In Pharmaceuticals

Polysorbate 20: Used as a solubilizer and emulsifier.

Polysorbate 60: Enhances the release and absorption of drugs.

Polysorbate 80: Can increase bioavailability.

 

 

Can Polysorbates 20, 60, and 80 Be Substituted for One Another?

Generally, Polysorbates 20, 60, and 80 cannot be substituted for each other.

While they are all non-ionic surfactants with similar chemical structures, the differences in the length and structure of their fatty acid chains result in distinct emulsifying, dispersing, and stabilizing properties. In different applications, the requirements for surfactant performance can vary.

In the pharmaceutical field, the selection of surfactants is more stringent, and substituting one for another could affect the drug’s solubility, stability, and bioavailability, potentially leading to adverse effects.

In conclusion, there are significant differences in the chemical structure, properties, and applications of Polysorbates 20, 60, and 80. They should not be simply substituted for one another. In practice, the appropriate type of Polysorbate should be selected based on specific product needs and performance requirements.

What is Diethylene Glycol Used for?

2025-01-13

Diethylene glycol is an important organic compound, also known as diglycol, with a colorless, transparent, and viscous liquid appearance. It is mainly used in the production of fine chemical products such as polyester fibers, synthetic resins, coatings, and adhesives. Meanwhile, it is also widely applied in fields such as cosmetics and the food industry. The following is an analysis of the uses of diethylene glycol in these fields:

 

Fine Chemical Industry

Diglycol is one of the main raw materials for the production of polyester fibers. Polyester fibers possess excellent physical properties and chemical stability and are widely used in the textile, home, automotive, and other fields. Additionally, it is used in the production of fine chemical products such as synthetic resins, coatings, and adhesives. These products have extensive applications in the construction, home, automotive, and other sectors.

Cosmetics Industry

It is used as an emollient and humectant, helping the skin retain moisture and remain soft. Therefore, it is applied in many skin care products and cosmetics.

Dye Industry

It is used as an intermediate for synthesizing dyes and can produce various brightly colored dyes.

Plastic Additives

It is one of the raw materials for synthesizing plastic additives and can improve the toughness and strength of plastics.

 

What are the Advantages of PVA Adhesive for the Industry?

2025-01-10

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) adhesive is a versatile and widely used product in industries. Its unique properties make it an excellent choice for applications such as paints and coatings, paper making, textiles, and more.

 

PVA adhesive has gained popularity in the paints and coatings industry due to its exceptional bonding properties. It provides strong adhesion to various surfaces, including wood, metal, and plastics, making it ideal for both interior and exterior applications. PVA adhesive offers excellent water resistance, flexibility, and durability, ensuring long-lasting results. Its ease of use and low odor make it a preferred choice for professional painters and DIY enthusiasts alike.

 

The paper making industry relies heavily on PVA adhesive for its superior binding capabilities. PVA adhesive enables the production of high-quality paper products by providing excellent adhesion between fibers. It improves paper strength, enhances printability, and reduces paper breakage during processing. Additionally, PVA offers good water solubility, which is essential for the controlled dissolution of paper in recycling processes.

 

In the textile industry, PVA adhesive plays a vital role in various applications, such as fabric finishing, laminating, and bonding. PVA adhesive provides a strong bond between different types of fabrics, ensuring secure seams and preventing fraying. It enhances the fabric's overall stability and durability, making it suitable for applications requiring resistance to washing, dry cleaning, and repetitive mechanical stress.

 

As a water-soluble polymer, PVA offers numerous advantages over other types of adhesives. Its water solubility allows for easy cleanup, reducing the need for harsh chemicals during application and removal. PVA adhesive can be easily diluted to achieve desired viscosity, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Its non-toxic nature and low environmental impact further contribute to its appeal as a sustainable adhesive option.


Polyvinyl Alcohol adhesive stands out as a reliable and versatile choice across various industries. Its exceptional bonding properties, water resistance, flexibility, and ease of use make it a preferred adhesive for paints and coatings, paper making, textiles, and more. Whether it's enhancing the quality of paper products, improving the durability of textiles, or providing a reliable bond in various applications, It continues to be an indispensable tool for industry professionals. Consider incorporating PVA adhesive into your manufacturing processes to benefit from its numerous advantages.

 

Website: www.elephchem.com

Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272

E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

ElephChem Holding Limited, professional market expert in Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion(VAE) with strong recognition and excellent plant facilities of international standards.

Why is VAE Emulsion the Preferred Binder for Flexible and Crack-Resistant Sealants?

2025-01-10

VAE Emulsion, derived from the copolymerization of vinyl acetate and ethylene, offers a myriad of benefits that make it highly desirable as a binder. One of its outstanding properties is its excellent flexibility. This characteristic allows sealants formulated with VAE Emulsion to withstand movement and expansion without cracking or compromising their integrity.

 

In the textile industry, VAE Emulsion has gained significant traction as a binder for various applications. It provides excellent adhesion to different types of fabrics and substrates, ensuring durability and resilience. Whether it is for laminating textiles, carpet backing, or bonding layers in composite materials, VAE Emulsion delivers exceptional performance. It enables the production of high-quality textile products that can withstand repeated use, washing, and other environmental factors.

 

Architectural sealants play a crucial role in the construction industry, providing protection against water intrusion, air leakage, and noise transmission. VAE Emulsion's unique properties make it an ideal binder for architectural sealants. Its superior flexibility ensures long-term performance, even in areas prone to movement, such as window frames, expansion joints, and curtain walls. Additionally, VAE Emulsion offers excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates, including concrete, metal, and wood, providing reliable and durable seals that can withstand harsh weather conditions.

 

One of the primary advantages of VAE Emulsion-based sealants is their exceptional crack resistance. The inherent flexibility of the copolymer allows the sealant to absorb stress and movement without developing cracks or losing adhesion. This attribute ensures that the sealant maintains its effectiveness over time, reducing the need for frequent repairs or replacements. Moreover, VAE Emulsion-based sealants exhibit excellent weather resistance, UV stability, and durability, ensuring long-lasting performance in a wide range of environments.


VAE Emulsion has become the preferred binder for creating flexible and crack-resistant sealants in various industries, including textiles and architecture. Its outstanding flexibility, adhesion properties, and durability make it an ideal choice for applications where movement and environmental factors are significant challenges. Whether in the textile industry, where VAE Emulsion ensures the strength and durability of fabric laminations, or in architectural sealants that require long-term performance and crack resistance, VAE Emulsion continues to deliver exceptional results. 

 

Website: www.elephchem.com

Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272

E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

ElephChem Holding Limited, professional market expert in Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion(VAE) with strong recognition and excellent plant facilities of international standards.

How to increase the molecular weight of polyacrylamide?

2025-01-03

To increase the molecular weight of polyacrylamide (PAM), you can consider the following methods:

 

1. Use a higher concentration of monomer: Increasing the concentration of acrylamide monomer in the polymerization reaction can lead to higher molecular weight polymers. However, it is important to note that increasing the monomer concentration beyond a certain point may result in the formation of cross-linked gels instead of linear polymers.

 

2. Use a higher initiator concentration: The initiator initiates the polymerization reaction and affects the rate of polymerization. By increasing the initiator concentration, you can promote a higher degree of polymerization, resulting in higher molecular weight PAM.

 

3. Use a longer polymerization time: Polymerization reactions take time to reach completion. Extending the polymerization time allows for a longer polymerization process, leading to higher molecular weight polymers.

 

4. Use a higher reaction temperature: Increasing the temperature of the polymerization reaction can accelerate the reaction rate. This increased reaction rate can lead to a higher degree of polymerization and, consequently, higher molecular weight PAM. It's important to note that the reaction temperature should be within a range that doesn't result in unwanted side reactions or degradation of the polymer.

 

5. Use a chain transfer agent: Chain transfer agents are used to control the polymerization process. In some cases, adding a chain transfer agent can increase the molecular weight of PAM. For example, using a long chain transfer agent like 1-dodecanethiol can result in higher molecular weight polymers.

 

6. Employ a controlled polymerization technique: Techniques such as controlled radical polymerization (e.g., atom transfer radical polymerization, nitroxide-mediated polymerization) and living polymerization allow for better control over the polymerization process, resulting in narrower molecular weight distributions and potentially higher molecular weight PAM.

 

Keep in mind that these methods are general strategies to increase the molecular weight of PAM. Depending on the specific requirements and constraints of your application, you may need to optimize these parameters and explore other techniques to achieve the desired molecular weight for your polyacrylamide.

Flocculent polyvinyl alcohol PVA 1799H

2025-01-03

PVA1799H, with its distinctive white flocculent appearance, stands out from conventional granular PVA. Flocculent polyvinyl alcohol is prepared by the composite of polyvinyl alcohol and other substances. It has a rod-like and helical structure, which makes it different in properties ‌.

 

Flocculent PVA

Flocculent polyvinyl alcohol 1799H has higher crystallinity, higher blocking distribution of residual acetic acid, lower surface tension of aqueous solution than granular polyvinyl alcohol, and better colloidal protection than flake polyvinyl alcohol. In addition, flocculent PVA has a lower density than flake PVA, which makes it easier to handle in certain conditions where mixing facilities are not perfect.

 

This unique variant of PVA offers a wide range of applications and brings several advantages to different industries. In the printing and dyeing industry, it is mainly used for viscosification, thickening and sizing; In the paper industry, it can increase the viscosity of the slurry and form a protective film during the drying process to prevent the powder from falling off during the pulping process. In the food industry, flocculent polyvinyl alcohol is commonly used as a preservative. In addition, in the construction industry, flocculent polyvinyl alcohol has a high temperature viscosity, suitable for grouting operations, and can be used as a modified material of asphalt, with good permeability resistance ‌.

PVA 1799H

PVA, including specialized variants like PVA1799H and PVA100-27H, holds great potential in the global market due to its unique characteristics and eco-friendly nature. As industries increasingly adopt sustainable practices, the demand for PVA as an alternative to traditional materials continues to rise.

 

The global market for PVA is experiencing steady growth, driven by factors such as increasing environmental consciousness, stringent regulations on packaging waste, and the need for biodegradable materials. PVA, being a renewable resource with excellent water solubility and biodegradability, offers a promising solution to these challenges.

 

Website: www.elephchem.com

Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272

E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

ElephChem Holding Limited, professional market expert in Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion(VAE) with strong recognition and excellent plant facilities of international standards.

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