Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic known for its exceptional resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, and mechanical stress. It offers outstanding thermal stability with a continuous use temperature of up to 250°C, along with excellent chemical resistance against a wide range of aggressive substances.

PEEK exhibits high mechanical strength and rigidity, maintaining dimensional stability and reliability even under extreme conditions. As a result, it is widely used across aerospace, medical devices, automotive, and electronics industries. In addition, its low coefficient of friction and superior wear resistance make it ideal for manufacturing precision components that require high durability and long-term performance.

Overview of PEEK Material

Definition and Chemical Structure

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance specialty engineering plastic that belongs to the family of semi-crystalline aromatic polymers. Its chemical structure consists of repeating ether and ketone linkages arranged alternately, with benzene rings embedded in the molecular chain. This unique configuration endows PEEK with outstanding comprehensive properties. The molecular formula of PEEK is:

The presence of benzene rings contributes to its excellent thermal and chemical stability, while the ether and ketone groups provide flexibility and mechanical strength.


Development History
The development of PEEK materials can be traced back to the 1970s. In 1978, the British company Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) first synthesized PEEK and commercialized it in 1982. Initially, PEEK was primarily used in the aerospace industry due to its excellent high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and high mechanical strength. It served as a lightweight alternative to traditional metal materials, effectively reducing the weight of aircraft. With continuous technological advancements and decreasing production costs, the application of PEEK has gradually expanded into various fields such as automotive, electronics, medical, and machinery.

Processability of PEEK Material
Injection Molding
PEEK exhibits excellent injection molding properties, allowing efficient production of complex and high-precision components for a wide range of industries.

Processing Temperature Range:
PEEK typically requires an injection molding temperature between 360°C and 400°C. This high processing range ensures thorough melting and flow of the material while preventing thermal degradation.

Flowability:
PEEK has good melt flow properties, with a melt flow rate (MFR) ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 g/10min. This allows it to effectively fill intricate mold cavities and produce thin-walled, fine-structured parts.

Shrinkage Rate:
PEEK exhibits low shrinkage during injection molding—generally between 0.5% and 0.8%. This results in minimal dimensional changes upon cooling and ensures high dimensional accuracy, which is especially important for aerospace and electronic components.

Mold Requirements:
Due to its high processing temperature, molds used for PEEK need to be made from high-strength, heat-resistant steels, such as H13 or SKD61, and should be equipped with efficient cooling systems to optimize cycle times. Proper mold design can reduce the molding cycle by over 20%.

Application Example:
In the automotive industry, PEEK is injection molded to produce engine sensor housings. Its high strength and thermal stability ensure reliable operation under high-temperature, high-load conditions.

Extrusion Molding
PEEK extrusion molding is primarily used for manufacturing continuous products such as pipes, sheets, and films, offering high productivity and consistency.

Processing Temperature:
The typical extrusion temperature for PEEK ranges from 340°C to 380°C, ensuring good melt flow and formability during processing.

Extrusion Speed:
PEEK can be extruded at relatively high speeds. For instance, PEEK tubing can be produced at speeds of up to 10 meters per minute, supporting large-scale production.

Product Performance:
Extruded PEEK pipes and sheets offer excellent mechanical strength and chemical resistance. For example, PEEK tubing can achieve tensile strengths up to 120 MPa and is capable of transporting corrosive media such as strong acids and alkalis.

Application Example:
In the electronics industry, PEEK films are used as insulation layers due to their outstanding electrical insulation and thermal resistance. In flexible circuit boards, PEEK films can operate at temperatures up to 200°C while maintaining excellent dielectric properties.

Die Design:
The design of extrusion dies is crucial to the quality and performance of PEEK products. For example, tubing dies must precisely control the dimensions and gap between the die and mandrel to ensure uniform wall thickness and dimensional accuracy.

Other Processing Methods
Beyond injection and extrusion molding, PEEK can be processed using several other methods to meet diverse application needs.

Machining:
PEEK offers good machinability and can be turned, milled, drilled, and shaped into high-precision parts. In the aerospace sector, for instance, PEEK is used to produce engine blades with dimensional tolerances of ±0.01 mm through precision machining.

3D Printing:
With advancements in additive manufacturing, PEEK is increasingly used in 3D printing to produce complex or customized components. Typical printing temperatures range from 380°C to 420°C, and the printed parts exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties.

Welding:
PEEK can be joined using ultrasonic or thermal welding methods. In electronics housings, PEEK parts welded by ultrasound can achieve joint strengths exceeding 80% of the base material’s strength.

Coating:
PEEK can also be applied as a coating material using spraying or dip-coating methods, offering heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and wear protection. For example, PEEK coatings on metal mechanical components significantly improve their wear resistance and extend service life.

Application Fields of PEEK Material
Aerospace Industry
PEEK plays an irreplaceable role in the aerospace sector due to its outstanding combination of properties.

Lightweight and High Performance:
With a density of only 1.3 g/cm³—significantly lower than traditional metals—PEEK offers comparable strength and stiffness. For example, in aircraft engine blades, using PEEK can reduce weight by up to 30% without compromising structural integrity. This contributes to improved fuel efficiency and reduced operational costs.

High Temperature and Thermal Stability:
Aerospace components demand superior heat resistance. PEEK has a glass transition temperature of 143°C and a melting point of 343°C. It retains excellent mechanical properties and dimensional stability under high temperatures. In engine components, PEEK can operate continuously at 200°C for 1,000 hours with less than 5% performance degradation.

Chemical Resistance and Hydrolysis Resistance:
Aircraft are exposed to various chemicals and moisture during flight. PEEK's excellent chemical resistance and hydrolytic stability make it ideal for such environments. After 1,000 hours of immersion in hot water, PEEK retains up to 80% of its tensile strength, making it suitable for hydraulic and fuel system components.

Application Example:
In the Boeing 787, PEEK is widely used in engine blades, wing skins, and fuselage components. It is estimated that PEEK accounts for about 20% of the material composition in the Boeing 787, significantly enhancing performance and safety.

Medical Devices
PEEK is increasingly used in the medical field due to its biocompatibility and resistance to degradation.

Biocompatibility:
PEEK is well tolerated by human tissues, with no irritation or toxicity. It holds a cytotoxicity rating of Class 1, indicating excellent compatibility with body tissues and minimal risk of inflammation or adverse reactions.

Corrosion Resistance:
Medical devices often come into contact with bodily fluids and chemicals. PEEK maintains excellent chemical stability—after immersion in 10% hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions for 1,000 hours, mass change remains below 0.5%.

Mechanical Strength:
PEEK’s high tensile strength (over 100 MPa) and flexural modulus (up to 3.5 GPa) allow it to withstand internal mechanical loads in the body, making it ideal for implants such as artificial joints.

Application Example:
PEEK is widely used to manufacture artificial joints, spinal implants, and dental implants. Global usage of PEEK in medical implants exceeds 1,000 tons annually and is growing steadily. For instance, artificial hip joints made from PEEK demonstrate excellent clinical performance and a service life of over 20 years.

Automotive Industry
PEEK is extensively applied in automotive manufacturing thanks to its strength, heat resistance, and wear performance.

High Temperature and Thermal Stability:
Engine and transmission components operate in high-temperature environments. PEEK’s high Tg and melting point ensure reliable performance under such conditions (as detailed earlier).

Wear Resistance and Mechanical Strength:
PEEK demonstrates excellent wear resistance under high-load, high-frequency friction. For example, in transmission gears, the wear of PEEK parts is only 1/10 that of traditional metals.

Lightweight and Fuel Efficiency:
Reducing vehicle weight improves fuel economy and lowers emissions. PEEK helps achieve this goal by replacing metal components while maintaining mechanical performance.

Application Example:
PEEK is used in engine components, transmission gears, and sensor housings. A well-known automaker uses PEEK to mold engine sensor housings that can operate reliably for over 10 years under high heat and stress. It is also applied in braking systems—PEEK brake discs and pads offer excellent durability and performance due to their heat and wear resistance.

Introduction
Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic engineering polymer composed of alternating benzene rings and sulfur atoms in its molecular backbone, with the structural formula -[Ph-S]n- (Ph representing a phenyl ring). This unique combination of rigidity and stability has earned PPS the nickname “Plastic Gold.”

PPS Long Glass Fiber Reinforced

Four Core Properties of PPS
1. High Temperature Resistance
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT):

≥260°C (unreinforced), with a continuous use temperature of up to 220°C.

Thermal Aging Resistance:

Maintains 80% or more of its mechanical strength even after 1,000 hours of exposure at 200°C.


2. Chemical Stability
Corrosion Resistance:

PPS resists acids, bases, and organic solvents (e.g., gasoline, ethanol). It corrodes only slowly in strong oxidizing media such as concentrated sulfuric or nitric acid.

Hydrolysis Resistance:

PPS exhibits excellent stability in high-temperature and high-pressure steam environments, making it ideal for extreme conditions such as deep-sea applications or chemically aggressive industrial environments.


3. Mechanical Performance
High Rigidity:

Pure PPS has a flexural modulus of about 3.8 GPa. When reinforced with glass fiber (e.g., PPS GF40), it can reach 12–15 GPa—comparable to aluminum alloys.

Wear Resistance:

With a low coefficient of friction (0.02–0.03), PPS significantly extends the lifespan of moving components like gears and bearings—by more than 30%.


4. Flame Retardancy & Electrical Properties
Flame Rating:

UL94 V-0 at 1.5 mm thickness, without the need for additional flame retardants.

Dielectric Strength:

18–22 kV/mm, making it an excellent insulator for high-frequency electronic components.

Modification Directions and Processing Techniques
Modification Technologies

Extensive Applications of PPS Across Various Fields
1. Electronics and Electrical Industry
Semiconductor Packaging:

With high heat resistance (>260℃), PPS provides excellent protection for chips against damage caused by soldering thermal stress, such as in CPU packaging housings.

High-Frequency Connectors:

Featuring low moisture absorption (<0.05%), PPS ensures signal stability even in humid environments, making it ideal for use in 5G base stations and smartphones.


2. Automotive Industry
Engine Components:

PPS can withstand high temperatures up to 220℃ and is suitable for use in turbocharger housings, fuel injectors, and other segments. It can replace metals and reduce component weight by up to 40%.

Electrification Trend:

With inherent flame-retardant properties under high-voltage conditions, PPS is applicable in electric vehicle charging station insulators, battery module brackets, and other components requiring high flame resistance.


3. Aerospace
Lightweight Structural Components:

PPS has a density of 1.34 g/cm³, offering up to 50% weight reduction compared to standard aluminum alloys. It is suitable for lightweight applications such as aircraft interior brackets and satellite radomes.

Radiation Resistance:

Due to its ability to resist cosmic rays and extreme temperature fluctuations, PPS can be used as a substrate material for spacecraft circuit boards.


4. Environmental Protection and Chemical Industry
Corrosion-Resistant Piping:

In chemical pipelines transporting concentrated hydrochloric acid and organic solvents, PPS pipes offer a service life twice that of stainless steel.

For more information on PPS long glass fiber and long carbon fiber reinforced materials, please contact our technical experts. We are committed to providing professional support and customized material solutions to meet the specific demands of your application.

Aluminum Nitride (AlN) crystallizes in a hexagonal structure, typically appearing bluish-white in pure form but often gray or off-white in practice. As a high-performance advanced ceramic material, AlN boasts exceptional thermal conductivity, reliable electrical insulation, low dielectric constant and loss, non-toxicity, and a thermal expansion coefficient that matches silicon. These outstanding properties make it an ideal choice for next-generation high-integration semiconductor substrates and electronic packaging materials. Below is a brief introduction to the preparation of AlN.

Synthesis of AlN Powder

AlN powder serves as the foundational raw material for ceramic products. Its purity, particle size, oxygen content, and impurity levels significantly impact the thermal conductivity, sintering process, and forming techniques of the final product, ultimately determining its performance. Key methods for synthesizing AlN powder include:

1. Direct Nitridation Method
   Aluminum powder reacts with nitrogen gas at high temperatures (800°C–1200°C) to form AlN powder.

2. Carbothermal Reduction Method
   A mixture of alumina (Al₂O₃) and carbon powders undergoes reduction and nitridation in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere at elevated temperatures (1400°C–1800°C) to produce AlN powder.

3. Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)
   This method leverages the highly exothermic reaction between aluminum powder and nitrogen. Once ignited, the reaction sustains itself, rapidly synthesizing AlN.

4. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
   Volatile aluminum compounds react with nitrogen or ammonia gas, depositing AlN powder from the vapor phase. Depending on the aluminum source, CVD can be classified into inorganic (e.g., aluminum halides) and organic (e.g., alkyl aluminum) methods.

This advanced material is revolutionizing electronics with its superior properties—choose AlN for high-performance, reliable solutions in semiconductor and packaging applications!

Xiamen Juci Technology Co., Ltd. uses the carbothermal reduction method to prepare aluminum nitride powder. The synthesized powder has high purity, stable performance, fine and uniform particle size, and can be used to prepare high-grade powder.Xiamen Juci Technology, as a leading supplier of aluminum nitride powder in China, is committed to providing high-purity and high-grade aluminum nitride thermal management materials both at home and abroad.

Media Contact:
Xiamen Juci Technology Co., Ltd.

Phone: +86 592 7080230
Email: miki_huang@chinajuci.com

Website: www.jucialnglobal.com

Chloroprene rubber (CR) is an important variety of synthetic rubber. It stands up well to light, aging, flexing, acids, bases, ozone, flames, heat, and oil. It also has good physical and electrical properties. Its comprehensive performance is unmatched by natural rubber and other synthetic rubbers. It is widely used in defense, transportation, construction, light industry and military industry. Chloroprene rubber has several uses. It's a key element in making auto parts, machinery, industrial items, and adhesives. You'll also find it in construction materials, coated fabrics, and wire and cable insulation. By itself, chloroprene rubber is used to create rubber harness clips and shock absorbers for cars and farm equipment. Initially, chloroprene rubber from Japan's DENKA and Japan's Toyo Soda was used. Later, due to the increase in raw material prices and the restrictions of the procurement cycle, a series of research and development work on the replacement of imported chloroprene rubber with domestic chloroprene rubber was carried out. Finally, the replacement goal was successfully achieved, and some process and formula problems of domestic chloroprene rubber in the use process were solved.

1. Neoprene rubber model

Imported neoprene rubber model: Denka M120 Chloroprene Rubber, a product of Japan DENKA, light-colored blocks; B-10, a product of Japan Toyo Soda, light-colored blocks. Domestic neoprene rubber model: CR3221, a product of Chongqing Changshou Chemical Co., Ltd. Polychloroprene Rubber CR3221 is a chloroprene polymer with sulfur and diisopropyl xanthate disulfide as mixed regulators, with a low crystallization rate, a relative density of 1.23, beige or brown blocks, and a non-polluting type.

2. Production process performance comparison

Imported neoprene handles better during production. For example, the raw rubber pieces do not stick together, even after baking, which makes them easy to measure. The process is smooth; it does not stick to the roller, so removing it is simple. The semi-finished film is stiff and holds its shape well.

Domestic neoprene does not perform as well. The rubber pieces tend to stick, especially after baking. The rubber also sticks to the roller, which makes removal hard, and the semi-finished film sticks easily and loses its shape.

Despite these things, domestic neoprene has some benefits. It mixes powder faster and with less effort in both internal and open mixers. Rubber from Japan is harder to mix. In the open mixer, M-120 can even fall off the roller at first. The internal mixer requires more effort and time, especially in the winter. Domestic mixed rubber still works well after being stored for a long time. Rubber from Japan, especially M-120, gets hard and loses its flexibility after two to four weeks.

Tests show that production methods that work for imported neoprene do not work well for domestic neoprene. The original method needs some changes. If not, it will be hard to make it work for production, even when the physical and mechanical qualities meet the standards.

3.  Conclusion

Compared with Japanese chloroprene rubber, domestic chloroprene rubber CR3221 has lower Mooney viscosity and greater viscosity, which is more favorable for mixing and powder consumption, and can significantly reduce the operation time, but the processability is poor and the operation is difficult. If the temperature is not well controlled, the operation is improper or the rubber is over-mixed, it may cause the roller to stick or even fail to unload normally. By selecting the correct process conditions and methods and adjusting the formula appropriately, it can fully meet the production needs.

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Chloroprene adhesive is popular in the shoemaking industry because it bonds materials very well. Among them, grafted chloroprene adhesive is the most widely used. As shoe materials develop towards lighter colors, the color requirements for adhesives are becoming more and more stringent. Right now, SN24 adhesive starts out light, but it yellows pretty fast after sitting around for a while, especially if it's in the sun. After being prepared into chloroprene adhesive, there is a yellowing problem, which leads to two problems: first, it affects the appearance of shoes. For light-colored shoes such as sports shoes and travel shoes, the problem is more prominent; second, the darkening of color is a manifestation of polymer aging, which leads to the deterioration of the bonding performance of the adhesive. Therefore, in order to improve the appearance of footwear and ensure that it does not turn yellow during wearing, a yellowing-resistant adhesive should be used.

1. Experimental materials

Chloroprene rubber latex: Chloroprene Rubber SN-242, Sana Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.; toluene, methyl methacrylate, butanone, BPO, SKYPRENE G-40S; Denka A90 Chloroprene rubber

2. Performance test results

2.1 Comparison of glue solutions

The different types of dry glue obtained by the drum were dissolved in toluene to obtain the glue solution comparison chart in Figure 1, and the comparison chart of different types of glue solutions after heating is shown in Figure 2.

As can be seen from Figure 1, the color of the glue solution in this experiment is not much different from the color of the same type of glue solution at home and abroad. After adding BPO and MMA and shaking well, the color will change.After being tested, SN242A became yellow. Domestic rubber samples No. 2 and No. 3 also turned yellow. The other samples got a bit darker, but our test rubber was still lighter than domestic rubber No. 4. Its color was close to that of samples No. 7 and No. 8.After 20 minutes in a 90℃ oven, rubber samples No. 1, 2, 3, and 5 turned yellow. Samples No. 4, 6, 7, and 8 got lighter. After an hour, the colors changed in the same way, but everything was darker than it was at 20 minutes.As you can see in Figures 1 and 2, when this test rubber was dissolved in toluene and heated with an initiator, it looked a little whiter than similar domestic glues. It looked about the same as similar foreign glues.

2.2 Grafting comparison

According to the grafting formula, 0.1 parts of BPO and 50 parts of methyl methacrylate were added, and different types of chloroprene rubber were grafted. The viscosity of the solution before and after grafting was measured, as shown in Table 4. The comparison between the experimental glue and the domestic glue after grafting is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 presents a comparison between our experimental glue and a domestic glue following grafting.When exposed to free radicals, the unsaturated double bonds on the chloroprene rubber backbone transform the MMA monomer into a monomer free radical. This then grafts and copolymerizes with CR through a chain transfer reaction, creating a complex graft copolymer. This process leads to asymmetry and polarity in the adhesive structure, improving adhesion.

Based on the data in Table 5, our experimental glue shows a high grafting rate, nearly 100%. This solves the issue of low grafting rates seen with SN242, which stem from residual terminators. Plus, it eliminates the problem of red glue forming during the grafting process. Figure 3 is a comparison chart of the grafted glue solution after being placed in the sun for several days. The color of the experimental glue solution is much lighter than that of SN242.

2.3 GPC comparison

According to Figure 4 and Table 5, the relative molecular weight and relative molecular weight distribution of the experimental glue are not much different from those of foreign glue. The average relative molecular weight is around 350,000, and the relative molecular weight distribution is below 2.3, which is larger than the relative molecular weight of domestic grafted glue, and the relative molecular weight distribution is narrow, and the regularity of the molecular chain is higher.

2.4 DSC comparison

Based on the data in Figure 5 and Table 5, the experimental glue's glass transition temperature is similar to both domestic and foreign glues. The experimental glue's crystallization temperature, which is higher than the domestic glue, is nearly the same as the foreign glue.

3 Conclusion

The chloroprene rubber adhesive developed in this paper has excellent yellowing resistance and stable grafting performance. Through DSC and GPC analysis, grafted chloroprene rubber with uniform relative molecular weight and high regularity was obtained, and its performance is comparable to that of the same type of foreign rubber.

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Aluminum Nitride (AlN) performance critically depends on purity, particularly the content of oxygen (O), carbon (C), and metal impurities (Fe, Na, etc.).

Oxygen impurities → Form Al₂O₃ or AlON phases, significantly reducing thermal conductivity (every 1% increase in oxygen decreases thermal conductivity by 10-20 W/(m·K)).

Metal impurities → Degrade carrier mobility in semiconductor devices, reducing performance.

Carbon impurities → Generate Al₄C₃ at high temperatures, causing material embrittlement.

Currently, commercial AlN powder typically has a purity of 99.5%-99.9% (oxygen content >0.5%), while high-end applications (e.g., semiconductor substrates) require oxygen content <0.1%, even <100ppm.

How to Achieve High-Purity Aluminum Nitride?

1. AlN Powder Purification Techniques

①Surface Modification (H₃PO₄ Treatment)

Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) forms a protective layer on AlN, inhibiting hydrolysis (reducing Al₂O₃ formation).

Advantage: Simple operation, suitable for industrial production.

Limitation: Cannot remove oxygen impurities inside the crystal lattice.

②High-Temperature Heat Treatment (2000-2200°C)

Heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere (H₂/N₂) to volatilize impurities.

Result: Oxygen content can be reduced to 220ppm, metal impurities <1ppm.

Challenge: Requires advanced equipment (tungsten crucible), AlN sublimation loss (~0.5-1%/h at 2200°C).

2. AlN Ceramic Purification Techniques

①NH₄F Sintering Additive

NH₄F decomposes into NH₃ & HF, reacting with Al₂O₃ to form volatile byproducts (e.g., AlF₃), reducing oxygen content.

Advantage: No new impurities introduced, enhances ceramic purity.

②High-Temperature Annealing

Heat treatment at 1800-1900°C to volatilize grain boundary phases, optimize microstructure, and improve thermal conductivity.

Future Trends: Higher Purity, Lower Cost

Advanced Purification Methods: Plasma-assisted purification, solvent extraction, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) for ultra-pure AlN films.

Scalable Production: Optimized high-temperature processes to reduce AlN loss and costs.

Composite Materials: AlN-Graphene, AlN-SiC hybrid thermal materials for enhanced performance.

Conclusion: Aluminum Nitride – The Core Material for Future Technology

With the rapid growth of 5G, electric vehicles (EVs), deep-UV LEDs, and aerospace technologies, the demand for high-purity AlN will surge. Through advanced purification and sintering techniques, AlN will play a pivotal role in:

① Semiconductor devices (GaN-on-AlN, power electronics)

② High-power RF & 5G base stations

③EV power modules & thermal management

④Deep-UV LED substrates (UVC disinfection)

⑤Aerospace & extreme-environment applications

About Xiamen Juci Technology

Xiamen Juci Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the research and development, production and sales of high-performance aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic materials. The company is committed to providing high thermal conductivity and high purity aluminum nitride ceramic solutions for fields such as 5G communication, semiconductor packaging, power electronics, new energy vehicles, and aerospace. We can provide AlN substrates, structural components and functional devices of different specifications according to customer requirements.

Media Contact:
Xiamen Juci Technology Co., Ltd.

Phone: +86 592 7080230
Email: miki_huang@chinajuci.com

Website: www.jucialnglobal.com

Project Background

In high-performance bicycle design, the brake lever is not only a key control component but also directly impacts riding safety and handling precision.

Traditional materials often fail to balance lightweight and strength, whereas long fiber reinforced thermoplastics offer outstanding rigidity, impact resistance, and fatigue durability, making them ideal alternatives to metals or short-fiber plastics.

Materials such as PA66 with long carbon fiber or TPU with long glass fiber can significantly enhance structural performance while improving molding efficiency and surface quality—perfectly aligning with modern demands for safety, lightweight design, and aesthetics.

Customer's Project

The products shown above are two types of bicycle brake levers, respectively manufactured using PA66 filled with 40% long carbon fiber (without color masterbatch) and polyether-based TPU filled with 50% long glass fiber (with black color masterbatch).

Each material offers unique advantages, allowing customers to choose the most suitable option based on their specific performance requirements.

Material 1: TPU-LGF50-BLK
Material:

Polyether-based TPU filled with 50% long glass fiber (with black color masterbatch)

Key Features:
1. Finished in a deep matte black tone, this version delivers a sleek, modern look with a smoother surface texture.

2. Offers a slightly flexible feel for enhanced grip comfort, while still maintaining significant structural integrity thanks to the high glass fiber content.

Performance Highlights:
1. Exceptional impact resistance and abrasion resistance

2. Improved surface comfort, ideal for frequent contact or high-vibration environments

3. Perfect for applications where tactile feel, flexibility, and weather resistance are key considerations

Click the material image to see details

Material 2: PA66-LCF40-NAT
Material:

PA66 filled with 40% long carbon fiber (no color masterbatch)

Key Features:
1. This brake lever features a natural finish that highlights the carbon fiber texture, clearly visible on the surface.

2. The unique grain of the long carbon fibers offers a premium look and feel, echoing the aesthetics of carbon fiber parts in professional cycling equipment.

Performance Highlights:
1. Excellent rigidity and strength, ideal for high-load applications

2. Superior heat resistance and dimensional stability

3. Best suited for riders or product designs that demand lightweight structural strength and a carbon-tech appearance

Click the material image to see details

Advantages

Lightweight Metal Replacement
1. Both PA66-LCF40-NAT and TPU-LGF50-BLK offer significant weight reduction compared to traditional aluminum alloy or steel brake levers.

2. PA66-LCF40-NAT provides high stiffness at low density, reducing overall component weight without sacrificing mechanical strength.

3. This lightweight solution helps improve riding efficiency and handling agility, especially in competitive or endurance cycling.

Integrated Cost Efficiency
1. Long fiber thermoplastics allow one-step injection molding, eliminating the need for secondary assembly or metal machining.

2. This streamlines production and reduces tooling complexity.

3. Compared with aluminum or engineering plastics, the total cost is significantly optimized.

Durability in Harsh Conditions
1. These materials are designed to perform reliably under outdoor and high-vibration environments, such as mountain biking or long-distance rides.

2. PA66 offers superior resistance to fatigue, heat, and moisture.

3. TPU brings added flexibility, shock absorption, and grip comfort, ideal for frequent user contact.

Design Flexibility & Customization
1. LFT-G supports custom formulations tailored to customer needs:

2. Color options (natural carbon fiber texture, matte black, etc.)

3. Surface finish customization (visible fiber pattern vs. smooth touch)

4. Optional UV or chemical resistance for extended product lifespan

Typical Application Scenarios
High-performance road or mountain bike brake levers

E-bike brake systems requiring vibration damping and rigid control

Ergonomic brake components for urban commuter bikes

Lightweight replacement of metal brake handles in mid- to high-end bicycles

Learn More
If you're exploring material solutions for bicycle components that require a balance of strength, durability, and processing efficiency, our formulations offer reliable, well-tested options.

We welcome you to get in touch for further technical details, sample requests, or to discuss specific application needs.

Reinforced nylon (especially glass fiber reinforced grades such as PA6-GF and PA66-GF) is a mainstream and high-performance material choice for e-bike wheel hubs, particularly motor-integrated hubs. It offers an excellent balance of strength, stiffness, toughness, heat resistance, wear resistance, and processability, while also enabling lightweight design.

This material is commonly used in mid- to low-end or urban commuter e-bikes, where reinforced nylon hubs are more widely adopted. Its advantages in terms of weight reduction and cost efficiency are especially evident in models that do not demand extreme performance. Additionally, corrosion resistance is a notable selling point.

Manufacturers typically address the inherent limitations of the material through thoughtful design—such as the extensive use of metal inserts and structural optimization—and by selecting high-performance grades to meet specific application needs.

Key Application Advantages
1. Significant Weight Reduction – The Primary Advantage
Extended Range: A lighter hub requires less energy for motor drive, directly increasing battery life.

Improved Handling: Reduced rotational inertia allows for quicker acceleration and deceleration, delivering a more agile and responsive ride.

Enhanced Comfort: Lower unsprung mass enables the wheel to better follow road surface variations, reducing vibration transmitted to the frame and improving overall comfort.

- This is the most critical advantage. Nylon has a much lower density compared to aluminum alloy (approx. 1.15–1.4 g/cm³ vs. 2.7 g/cm³). Even when reinforced with 30–50% glass fiber, the material density typically remains below 2.0 g/cm³.

- Reducing unsprung mass is crucial for e-bikes.

2. Cost Efficiency (Especially in Mass Production)
Material Cost: Reinforced nylon granules generally cost less than high-grade aluminum alloys.

Processing Cost: Injection molding offers high production efficiency and enables complex parts to be formed in one step, eliminating the need for multiple machining processes (e.g., casting, CNC, turning, drilling), thus significantly reducing per-unit cost.

Post-Processing Cost: Molded nylon parts typically require no additional surface treatment (e.g., sandblasting, anodizing), which is often necessary for aluminum hubs.

3. Design Flexibility
Injection molding allows for highly complex geometries, internal ribbing, and integrated functional features such as:
Mounts for sensors
Cable routing channels
Specialized heat dissipation structures
Such features are difficult or costly to achieve using traditional metal processing. It also enables easier aerodynamic optimization.

4. Corrosion Resistance
Nylon offers excellent resistance to chemical corrosion (salt, water, cleaning agents) and does not rust. This is a major advantage for bikes used in rainy, humid, or salt-treated winter road environments—reducing maintenance needs.

5. Shock Absorption & Noise Reduction
Nylon has inherent damping properties that help absorb road impact and reduce vibration and motor noise transmission—improving ride comfort and quietness.

6. Strong Mechanical Properties
Glass fiber reinforcement significantly enhances the strength, stiffness, hardness, and dimensional stability of nylon, allowing it to handle the structural loads and motor torque required by wheel hubs. Its impact resistance often exceeds that of metal.

Datasheet

Polypropylene Homopolymer 40% Long Glass Fiber Reinforced

Injection Molding Process for E-Bike Wheel Hubs
Electric bike hubs—especially complex motor-integrated designs—are mainly produced using injection molding.

The key process steps include:

1. Material Pre-Treatment (Drying)
Critical Step! Nylon is highly hygroscopic. Excessive moisture leads to:

Melt viscosity drop → flash, burrs

Defects such as bubbles, silver streaks, poor surface

Hydrolytic degradation → serious loss of mechanical properties (strength, toughness)

Requirement:
Must be thoroughly dried before use.
Target moisture content: < 0.2% (preferably down to 0.1%)

Method:
Use a desiccant dryer:
PA6: 80–90°C,
PA66: 90–110°C,
Duration: ≥ 4–6 hours
Hopper must be heated (~80°C) to prevent reabsorption of moisture.

2. Injection Molding Parameters
Barrel Temperature:

PA6-GF: 240–280°C (increasing from rear to front); avoid exceeding 290°C to prevent degradation.

PA66-GF: 270–310°C; do not exceed 320°C.

Principle:
Use the lowest possible temperature that ensures good flow and complete filling to reduce thermal degradation.
High GF content may require slightly higher temps.

Mold Temperature:
Critical factor! Influences crystallinity, shrinkage, internal stress, surface finish, and mechanical properties.

Recommended range: 70–110°C

Mold Temp Features
70–85°C Fast cooling, shorter cycle time, lower crystallinity, higher shrinkage and internal stress, lower dimensional stability and surface gloss. Risk of warping.
85–110°C Strongly recommended for hubs. Enhances:

Crystallinity
Dimensional stability (uniform and predictable shrinkage)
Mechanical strength, stiffness, HDT
Surface gloss
Reduces warping, internal stress, post-shrinkage
→ Requires mold temperature controllers

Injection Pressure / Speed:
Medium to high pressure due to high melt viscosity
High-speed injection aids filling of complex hub structures (thin walls, long flow paths), minimizing weld line weakening and flow marks
Avoid jetting
Use multi-stage injection:
High-speed for bulk filling
Low-speed/low-pressure at the end to reduce stress and prevent overpacking during switchover

Holding Pressure / Time:
Holding Pressure: 50–80% of injection pressure
Too high: internal stress, flashing, difficult demolding
Too low: sink marks, voids, insufficient filling

Holding Time:
Crucial! Must be long enough to ensure continued packing before gate freeze-off
Short holding time → major cause of warpage/sink marks
Adjust based on wall thickness, mold temp, material—generally longer for hubs

Cooling Time:
Sufficient cooling needed to ensure part solidification and deformation-free ejection
Higher mold temps and thicker walls require longer cooling
Efficient cooling system design (near high heat load zones) is key to shortening cycles and improving quality

3. Mold Design Considerations
Gate Design:
Hubs are large and complex → typically use multi-point hot runners or large cold runners
Gate location and number are critical: affect flow balance, weld line position/strength, internal stress, and warpage
→ Precise flow simulation and design needed

Venting:
Essential to prevent burns, short shots
Add vent grooves (typically 0.02–0.04 mm depth) at:
End of flow paths
Base of ribs
Around inserts

Ejection System:
Large hub parts require strong and evenly distributed ejection (ejector pins/blocks)
Ensure smooth, synchronous ejection to avoid stress whitening or deformation

Wear Resistance:
GF is abrasive → molds, especially gates/runners/cavity surfaces, suffer wear
Use high-hardness, wear-resistant steels (e.g., H13) with surface treatments (nitriding, hard chrome plating, PVD coatings)

Cooling Channel Design:
High-efficiency, evenly distributed cooling is crucial to control mold temperature, reduce cycle time, and minimize warpage

4. Post-Treatment (Optional but Recommended)
Annealing:
Heat parts to 100–120°C (below nylon's melting point) for several hours, then slowly cool

Purpose:

Achieve moisture equilibrium before use
Prevent unpredictable dimensional changes (swelling) and performance fluctuations (toughness ↑, strength/stiffness ↓)
Especially important for PA6 hubs (also applicable to PA66)

Machining (if needed):
For high-precision areas (bearing seats, mounting holes), minor machining (turning, drilling) may be required

In recent years, with the rapid development of the cosmetics industry and the widespread application of green concepts in various industries, anti-aging cosmetics have also put forward requirements for pure naturalness and non-toxic side effects. This is why natural plant extracts are used in anti-aging cosmetics. The application has created a good foundation and premise. Adding natural plant extracts to cosmetics to realize the anti-aging function of cosmetics has become the development trend of the cosmetics industry. In view of the characteristics of skin aging and the specific causes of skin aging, adding natural plant extracts to cosmetics can make the cosmetics not only have the basic functions of moisturizing, but also can further smooth the skin, remove skin aging wrinkles, and achieve the purpose of delaying skin aging. Plant extracts have the advantages of natural safety and toxic side effects, so they are widely used as active raw materials in anti-aging cosmetics.

Natural plant extracts mainly include α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids, plant flavonoids, papaya sulfhydrylase, etc., which can effectively improve the state of skin aging and achieve the purpose of delaying skin aging. α-Hydroxy acid can effectively penetrate into the stratum corneum of the skin, weaken the bonding force between cells in the aging stratum corneum, promote skin cell metabolism, so as to achieve the effect of improving the aging state of the skin and delaying aging. β-Hydroxy acid has advantages in improving the skin and delaying aging. Compared with traditional fruit acid, β-hydroxy acid is more easily absorbed by the skin, allowing the surface cells of the skin to fall off naturally and promoting the rapid regeneration of new cells. At the same time, β-hydroxy acid can also effectively remove the aged keratin in the pores and make the skin more delicate. Plant flavonoids can effectively cleanse free radicals and deposited melanin in the skin, and can also accelerate the metabolism of skin cells, thereby making the skin more moisturized and achieving anti-aging functions. Papaya sulfhydrylase is an active factor with high biological activity. It is extracted from fresh tender papaya fruit. It can effectively remove superoxide free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals in the body, and make the peroxidized lipids in the skin. The quality content is reduced to prevent cell aging and delay skin aging.

1. Grape seed extract
Grape seed extracts mainly include polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, grape seed oil, resveratrol, vitamins, tannins, etc., all of which have beauty and health effects. Proanthocyanidin has strong antioxidant capacity. Its antioxidant effect is 50 times that of VE and 20 times that of VC. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract has 85% bioavailability in the human body. Proanthocyanidins can inhibit the generation of peroxides caused by ultraviolet radiation on the skin; it can also inhibit Maillard reaction, inhibit the formation of lipofuscin and senile plaques; it can also inhibit the activity of tyrosinase, which reduces the phthalic acid of melanin. The quinone structure is reduced to a phenolic structure, which makes the pigment fade. Therefore, proanthocyanidins have the effects of improving skin inflammation, preventing blackening, whitening the skin, and anti-aging.
Grape seed oil also has a high mass fraction of VE, which can reach 360μg/g. And VE can speed up the removal of damaged cells and senescent cells, protect regenerative cells and new cells, and retain moisture, so that it can delay skin aging. Grape seed oil has a certain antioxidant effect and anti-aging effect.

2. Green tea extract
The main chemical component of green tea extract is tea polyphenols. Tea polyphenols, also known as tea tannins, are a general term for a kind of polyhydroxy phenolic compounds contained in tea, referred to as TP for short. Its main components are catechins (flavanoids), flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, depsilic acids and polymerized phenols. At normal temperature and low concentration, tea polyphenols have strong antioxidant properties. It is a natural antioxidant that can block ultraviolet rays and scavenge ultraviolet-induced free radicals, thereby protecting the normal function of melanocytes. At the same time, it can also inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and catalase in the cells, thereby reducing the secretion of melanin and lipid peroxidation, and achieving the effect of freckle removal and beauty. Studies have shown that the antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols is significantly better than that of vitamin E, and it has a synergistic effect on vitamins C and E.

3. Rhodiola rosea extract
The main chemical components of rhodiola rosea extract powder are salidroside and flavonoids. Rhodiola glycosides can not only significantly enhance the skin’s ability to resist ionizing radiation, but also prevent damage to lipids and cell membranes caused by various rays (α, β, γ) radiation, improve cardiopulmonary function, resist fatigue, protect the body’s immune system, and exert resistance. Aging effect. Flavonoids have super-strong superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and free radical scavenging effect, can repair damaged skin, anti-lipid oxidation and anti-aging. In the research on the extraction process of the active ingredients of Rhodiola rosea and its beauty efficacy, the efficacy of the extract was tested by comparison with the positive substance control, which proved that the Rhodiola rosea extract has the ability to resist oxidation and inhibit tyrosinase in vitro. As an additive for anti-aging and whitening cosmetics.

4. Rose extract
Studies have found that roses contain a lot of phenols, flavonoids and polysaccharide compounds, which have good effects of scavenging free radicals and delaying aging. In addition, the large amount of vitamin C contained in roses also has strong antioxidant properties.

china-sinoway Rose extract powder is rich in nutrients, so it can be applied to face creams to lock in the skin's original moisture and nutrients while exerting anti-aging effects. In addition, rose flower can be used to extract essential oils. Because of its extremely low yield and high efficacy, it is known as "liquid gold". While refining rose essential oil, a large amount of rose hydrosol can be obtained. Pure dew is a by-product containing nutrients and active substances obtained in the distillation and extraction process of essential oils. It is a 100% saturated distillation stock solution.

Gloves are the most commonly used protective tools in the laboratory besides goggles. There are many types of gloves, and different gloves have different uses.

1. Natural rubber (latex)

Latex gloves, made from natural rubber, typically lack a lining and are available in both clean and sterile versions. These gloves can provide effective protection against alkalis, alcohols, and a variety of chemical dilution aqueous solutions, and can better prevent corrosion from aldehydes and ketones.

2. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves

The gloves do not contain allergens, are powder-free, have low dust generation, low ion content, strong chemical corrosion resistance, can protect almost all chemical hazardous substances, and also have anti-static properties. Thickened and treated surfaces (such as fleece surfaces) can also prevent general mechanical wear, and thickened types can also prevent cold, with an operating temperature of -4℃ to 66℃. Can be used in a dust-free environment.

PVC gloves grading standards:

Grade A products, no holes on the surface of the gloves (PVC gloves with powder), uniform powder, no obvious powder, transparent milky white color, no obvious ink spots, no impurities, and the size and physical properties of each part meet customer requirements.

Grade B products, slight stains, 3 small black spots (1mm≤diameter≤2mm), or a large number of small black spots (diameter≤1mm) (diameter>5), deformation, impurities (diameter≤1mm), slightly yellow color, serious nail marks, cracks, and the size and physical properties of each part do not meet the requirements.

3. PE gloves

PE gloves are disposable gloves made of polyethylene. These gloves are waterproof, oil-proof, anti-bacterial, and resistant to acids and bases. Note: PE gloves are safe to use with food and are non-toxic. It is better to keep PVC gloves away from food, especially if it's hot.

4. Nitrile rubber gloves

Nitrile rubber gloves are usually divided into disposable gloves, medium-duty unlined gloves and light-duty lined gloves. These gloves can prevent erosion by grease (including animal fat), xylene, polyethylene and aliphatic solvents; they can also prevent most pesticide formulations and are often used in the use of biological components and other chemicals. Nitrile rubber gloves do not contain protein, amino compounds and other harmful substances, and rarely cause allergies. They are silicone-free and have certain antistatic properties, which are suitable for the production needs of the electronics industry. They have low surface chemical residues, low ion content and small particle content, and are suitable for strict clean room environments.

5. Neoprene gloves

Similar to the comfort of natural rubber, neoprene gloves are resistant to light, aging, flexing, acid and alkali, ozone, combustion, heat and oil.

6. Butyl rubber gloves

Butyl rubber is only used as a material for medium-sized unlined gloves and can be used for operations in glove boxes, anaerobic boxes, incubators, and operating boxes; it has super durability against fluoric acid, aqua regia, nitric acid, strong acids, strong alkalis, toluene, alcohol, etc., and is a special rubber synthetic resistant liquid gloves.

7. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gloves

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used as a material for medium-sized lined gloves, so this type of gloves can provide a high level of protection and corrosion resistance against a variety of organic chemicals, such as aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, fluorocarbons and most ketones (except acetone), esters and ethers.

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